A History of Bow and Arrow Technology

Bow and arrow hunting (or archery) is a technology first developed by early modern humans in Africa, perhaps as long as 71,000 years ago. Archaeological evidence shows that the technology was certainly used by humans during the Howiesons Poort phase of Middle Stone Age Africa, between 37,000 and 65,000 years ago; recent evidence at South Africas Pinnacle Point cave tentatively pushes the initial use back to 71,000 years ago. However, there is no evidence that the bow and arrow technology was used by people who migrated out of Africa until the Late Upper Paleolithic or Terminal Pleistocene, at most 15,000-20,000 years ago. The oldest surviving organic elements of bows and arrows only date to the Early Holocene of about 11,000 years ago. Africa: Middle Stone Age, 71,000 years ago.Europe and Western Asia: Late Upper Paleolithic, although there are no UP rock art paintings of archers and the oldest arrow shafts date to the Early Holocene, 10,500 BP; the earliest bows in Europe are from the bog site of Stellmor in Germany, where 11,000 years ago someone lost a pine arrow shaft with nocks in the end.Japan / Northeast Asia: Terminal Pleistocene.North / South America: Terminal Pleistocene. Making a Bow and Arrow Set Based on modern-day San Bushmen bow-and-arrow manufacture, existing bows and arrows curated in South African museums as well as archaeological evidence for Sibudu Cave, Klasies River Cave, and Umhlatuzana Rockshelter in South Africa, Lombard and Haidle (2012) operationalized the basic process of making a bow and arrows. To make a bow and a set of arrows, the archer needs stone tools (scrapers, axes, woodworking adzes, hammerstones, tools for straightening and smoothing wooden shafts, flint for making fire), a container (ostrich eggshell in South Africa) for carrying water, ochre mixed with resin, pitch, or tree gum for adhesives, fire for blending and setting the adhesives, tree saplings, hardwood and reeds for the bow stave and arrow shafts, and animal sinew and plant fiber for binding material. The technology for making a bow stave is close to that of making a wooden spear (first made by Homo heidelbergensis more than 300,000 years ago); but the differences are that instead of straightening a wooden lance, the archer needs to bend the bow stave, string the bow, and treat the stave with adhesives and fat to prevent splitting and cracking. How Does It Compare to Other Hunting Technologies? From a modern standpoint, the bow and arrow technology  is definitely a leap forward from lance and atlatl (spear thrower) technology. Lance technology involves a long spear which is used to thrust at prey. An atlatl is a separate piece of bone, wood or ivory, that acts as a lever to increase the power and speed of a throw: arguably, a leather strap attached to the end of a lance spear might be a technology between the two. But bow and arrow technology has a number of technological advantages over lances and atlatls. Arrows are longer-range weapons, and the archer needs less space. To fire off an atlatl successfully, the hunter needs to stand in big open spaces and be highly visible to his/her prey; arrow hunters can hide behind bushes and shoot from a kneeling position. Atlatls and spears are limited in their repeatability: a hunter can carry one spear and maybe as many as three darts for an atlatl, but a quiver of arrows can include a dozen or more shots. To Adopt or Not to Adopt Archaeological and ethnographic evidence suggests that these technologies were rarely mutually exclusive—groups combined spears and atlatls and bows and arrows with nets, harpoons, deadfall traps, mass-kill kites, and buffalo jumps, and many other strategies as well. People vary their hunting strategies based on the prey being sought, whether it is big and dangerous or wily and elusive or marine, terrestrial or airborne in nature. The adoption of new technologies can profoundly affect the way a society is constructed or behaves. Perhaps the most important difference is that lance and atlatl hunting are group events, collaborative processes that are successful only if they include a number of family and clan members. In contrast, bow and arrow hunting can be achieved with just one or two individuals. Groups hunt for the group; individuals for the individual families. That is a profound social change, affecting almost every aspect of life including who you marry, how big is your group, and how status is conveyed. One issue that might also have affected the adoption of the technology may be that bow and arrow hunting simply has a longer training period than atlatl hunting. Brigid Grund (2017) examined records from modern competitions for atlatl (Atlatl Association International Standard Accuracy Contest) and archery (Society for Creative Anachronism InterKingdom Archery Competition). She discovered an individuals atlatl scores increase steadily, showing improvement in skill within the first few years. Bow hunters, however, do not begin to approach maximum skill until the fourth or fifth year of competition. The Great Technology Shift There is much to be understood in the processes of how technology changed and indeed which technology came first. The earliest atlatl we have dates to the Upper Paleolithic, only 20,000 years ago: the South African evidence is quite clear that bow and arrow hunting is much older still. But archaeological evidence being what it is, we still dont really know the complete answer about the dates of hunting technologies and we may never have a better definition of when the inventions occurred than at least as early as. People adapt to technologies for reasons other than just because something is new or shiny. Every new technology is characterized by its own costs and benefits for the task at hand. Archaeologist Michael B. Schiffer referred to this as application space: that the level of adoption of a new technology depends on the number and variety of tasks that it could be used on, and which it is best suited to. Old technologies are rarely completely obsoleted, and the transition period can be very long indeed. Sources Angelbeck B, and Cameron I. 2014. The Faustian bargain of technological change: Evaluating the socioeconomic effects of the bow and arrow transition in the Coast Salish past. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 36:93-109.Bradfield J. 2012. Macrofractures on bone-tipped arrows: analysis of hunter-gatherer arrows in the Fourie collection from Namibia. Antiquity 86(334):1179-1191. Brown KS, Marean CW, Jacobs Z, Schoville BJ, Oestmo S, Fisher EC, Bernatchez J, Karkanas P, and Matthews T. 2012. An early and enduring advanced technology originating 71,000 years ago in South Africa. Nature 491(7425):590-593.Callanan M. 2013. Melting snow patches reveal Neolithic archery. Antiquity 87(337):728-745.Coolidge FL, Haidle MN, Lombard M, and Wynn T. 2016. Bridging theory and bow hunting: human cognitive evolution and archaeology. Antiquity 90(349):219-228.Erlandson J, Watts J, and Jew N. 2014. Darts, Arrows, and Archaeologists: Distinguishing Dart and Arrow Points in the Archaeological Record. American Antiquity 79(1):162-169.Grund BS. 2017. Behavioral Ecology, Technology, and the Organization of Labor: How a Shift from Spear Thrower to Self Bow Exacerbates Social Disparities. American Anthropologist 119(1):104-119.Kennett DJ, Lambert PM, Johnson JR, and Culleton BJ. 2013. Sociopolitical Effects of Bow and Arrow Technology in Prehistoric Coastal California. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 22(3):124-132.Lombard M, and Haidle MN. 2012. Thinking a Bow-and-arrow Set: Cognitive Implications of Middle Stone Age Bow and Stone-tipped Arrow Technology. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 22(02):237-264.Lombard M, and Phillipson L. 2010. Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Antiquity 84(325):635–648.Whittaker JC. 2016. Levers, Not Springs: How a Spearthrower Works and Why It Matters. In: Iovita R, and Sano K, editors. Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry. Dordrecht: Springe r Netherlands. p 65-74.

Correlation Between Stock Market Returns, Inflation, And...

Abstract There is a significant correlation between stock market returns, inflation, and money growth. The effects of macroeconomic variable on equity returns are nonlinear and time variant. This characteristic makes the study of these effects difficult. I estimate a GARCH model of monthly returns of SP500, where realized returns and their volatility depend on 11 macro announcements. The purpose of this paper is to see which macroeconomic factors affect aggregate stock returns most during 2008 financial crisis. Also, the effects of these factors before and after the crisis are compared. I find out †¦ Introduction Investigating firm’s key statistics such as sales, ROIC, and free cash flow may not be enough to evaluate the company’s performance and future. â€Å"Macroeconomic indicators seem like excellent candidates as proxies of latent economic state variables because they influence both changes in firms’ cash flows and the risk-adjusted discount rate† (Gosnell Nejadmalayeri, 2010). 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Parental Pressure and Motivational Climate †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Parental Pressure and Motivational Climate. Answer: Introduction: It is common knowledge that players use performance-enhancing drugs or PED to improve their performance before a particular sport. These substances are generally deemed illegal as it provides unjustified advantage to the person using it (Bahrke 2012). This practice dates back to ancient Greece, when the athletes participating in Olympics, ate sheep testicles and heart which were high in testosterone content (Gleaves Llewellyn, 2014). However, in the 1920s this practice was recognised internally and was declared illegal. An organization called the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) was founded which aimed to control the drug use in sports (Tscholl, 2010). The commonly preferred substances are either variants of stimulants or anabolic steroids. The stimulants enhance the heart rate of the athlete and make them less susceptible to fatigue. The anabolic steroids make the athlete to build muscle-mass faster and gain the ideal weight according to the requirement. Ot her variants are cannabinoids, which are essentially narcotic analgesics, peptide hormones, glucocorticoids and beta-blockers (Reardon Creado, 2014). Each of these substances have a different role in the body physiology. Some of the substances reduce fatigue and the sensitivity towards pain and injuries. Hormone stimulating substances can induce growth factors, intensify the red blood cell count, and enhance oxygen absorption to reduce hypoxia. Certain anti-inflammatory drugs also reduce pain sensitivity, by numbing the sensation of prostaglandins. Parents and coaches: Parents have a huge impact in shaping the need and habit of an individual. Parental control is the locus of control in a childs life and by extension a junior athletes life (Keijsers et al., 2010). Research has shown that the influence of parents and coaches of athletes influence the use of PED from a young age and that affects their career later. It is a competition nowadays to keep up the performance of a kid, be it in academics or sports or any other form of extracurricular activities (ORourke et al., 2011). It is considered socially unacceptable if a child or adult athlete fails to perform or even provide average performance. In many countries athletes receive sports scholarships, which open doors for them to receive high quality education in elite colleges. This also impacts the thought process of parents who might want their children to receive best education and make a successful career out of it. According to a study Madigan in 2015, parental pressure often times makes junior athletes succumb to PED and maintain their success (Madigan Stoeber Passfield, 2016). Parents should not be practicing moral disengagement, which might affect the mental health of the child and they start to feel pressurized and demoralized at their failures. Athlete coaches oftentimes face the pressure as the athletes they train to improve the performance and maintain the success rate of the organization they represent. Oftentimes stakeholders invest a lot of money in international sporting events for which it is stressful for both the athletes and their coach to train and to receive victory. This puts the position of the coach in jeopardy as well as their image which is unacceptable to them. Nowadays sport has become a form of business where the players are paid huge amounts of money for winning international or national competitive games (Tsiotsou, 2011). Staring from Olympics, to Football or even basketball there have been many recorded incidents where the athletes have been c aught and disqualified for using PED. Athletes and their coach feel threatened at the thought of losing their countrys faith when it comes to international sporting events. Money and Status in Sports: Ever since the inception of sporting events, from ancient Greece, athletes have held a high distinction in the social class (Gleaves Llewellyn, 2014). Sporting events and their victories made the spectators believe in the athletes performance and enjoy the entertainment it comes with it. This provides athletes with recognition in the common mass, which is desirable to many as it provided certain advantages and special services that others do not receive (Hardman Jones Jones, 2010). In the modern era, social status is directly proportional with popularity and economic state of an individual. This is the reason many sports organization run a full forced business both nationally and internally. Sporting events like Olympics, international football, basketball as well as baseball have a lot of economy and recognition in stake, for which athletes feel the need to rely on PED to live up to their expectations. Huge amount of investment is made in terms of money in these events with stakeh olders, organizers, judging panels, government of various countries as well as commercial brands that want to be associated with the event (Tsiotsou, 2011). Athletes perform to the best of their abilities and work hard to win these competitive sporting events as well as aspire to receive the massive population, money and secure their future by having a successful career. The competition is so high and is growing each year as young athletes compete each year starting from schools and colleges and enter the international scene (Calmeiro, Tenenbaum Eccles, 2014). Therefore, established athletes have to maintain their success records for which they take PED to improve their performance. This is mostly observed in cases of older athletes who face physical disability sometimes and are unable to perform for prolonged period (Huybers Mazanov, 2012). These athletes succumb to these PED habits and face legal actions and loss of the recognition. Sports can also be a way to establish power of physical strength in front of the public and grant respect from them. In addition, these sporting events in the junior level provide scholarships in many countries for aspiring athletes to get into elite colleges and get high quality education and secure a bright future. Junior athletes are oftentimes dependant of PED for this reason, which should not be encouraged. Concerning Reasons for Doping in sports: Sporting events generally associated with social respect and value for the athletes along with recognition and economic stability. Spectators enjoy sporting events and come for entertainment and pleasure in millions. The victors of such sporting events happen to put in a lot of effort and hard work to win such competitive events. In addition, athletic talent is related to genetic construct of an individual to some extent. This is why not all athletes are successful, and perform extensively well and others have mediocre to below average performance (Eynon et al., 2013). The pressure of performance makes the athlete succumb to PED and enhance their performance, which is unethical as they are not naturally winning but relying on externally modifiers to achieve success (Hardman Jones Jones, 2010). This undue advantage cannot be accepted, as the other athletes who work hard will not be appreciated when they cannot supersede the drug users. The prospect of doping in sports is synonymous w ith cheating, as the athletes are undertaking unauthenticated and illegal methods to achieve success. This is the reason why such practices are considered punishable offence in many countries. Many athletes are reliant on PED to improve their performance, but not many of them know or understand the health risks associated with it. The different categories of PED have different effects on the physiology of the athletes body (Nikolopoulos, Spiliopoulou Theocharis, 2011). According to the official website of the USADA, the long-term effects of anabolic steroids are acne, baldness, stunted growth in adolescent athletes as well as increased physical aggression, sexual appetite. Female athletes, who take testosterone as PED, have increased baritone in voice, abnormal hair overgrowth, cessation of breast development and abnormal menstrual cycle (Nieschlag Vorona, 2015). Peptide hormones and growth hormones induce hypertension, cancer, anaemic condition, strokes, heart attacks, pulmonary embolism, imbalance of thyroid hormones et cetra. Beta-blockers induce headaches, nausea, perspiration, muscle cramps et cetra. Diuretic drugs induce dehydration, muscle cramps, light-headedness , and sudden blood pressure drop and loss motor response. Performance stimulants induce insomnia, anxiety, weight loss, addiction, tremors and increases susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases. Cannabinoids are known to induce heart rate, short term memory loss, slow reflex and motor skill, reduced concentration abilities, distorts the sense of time and space and presence as well as induces respiratory diseases. Also mood swings, impairs thinking and understanding. Glucocorticoids are known to reduce muscle mass which can have long-term defect as breakage of bones and tendons and ligament. Blood doping also has bad side effects as it puts pressure on the athletes cardiac system for pumping more blood suddenly. This process can enhance sudden blood clotting leading to pulmonary embolism, strokes (U.S. Anti-Doping Agency, 2018). Adverse Public Relation The public success and recognition of athletes comes with a lot of responsibilities. As mentioned earlier that the athletes are constantly at pressure to maintain a public image along with their performance. Once an athlete is caught doping before sports, he/she not only has to suffer through the humiliation which comes along with it, answer to stakeholders as well as the government but also make public statements in front of international media which further ruins their reputation (Tsiotsou, 2011). The fear of loss in addition of loss of fame, recognition and success makes these athletes develop a hyperactive defence mechanism to protect themselves from public. It is not uncommon that a certain athlete who has been caught for doping will show aggressive behaviour towards the media. This is a major problem for the public relations company that represents the athlete as their reputation is also at stake and those results a scandal (Boyle Haynes, 2014). In the 1998 Tour de France, a series of athletes representing the Festina team were caught using erythropoietin for the cycling events just minutes before the start of the game in their team car. This gave rise to a team of investigators for the suspicion of a vast network for doping. Resposnig officers stopped the car of soigneurWilly Voet and found hundreds of grams of anabolic steroids, erythropeotin syringesand other PED. As a result Voet was arrested but the sports director denied the allegations. Former players as well as current associates were all questioned in addition searching of the hotels and staff members room. This led to the withdrawal of other teams from the event. The investigation went on till 2000 when the riders confessed of using erythropoietin which led to their suspension from participation (Lentillon?Kaestner, Hagger Hardcastle, 2012). Operacin Puerto (Operation Mountain Pass) is the code name of a Spanish Police task against the doping system of Doctor Eufemiano Fuentes, began in May 2006, which brought about an outrage that included a few of the world's most well known cyclists at the time. Media consideration has concentrated on the modest number of expert street cyclists named, just the same, sportspeople from different orders including football and tennis have likewise been associated with the outrage (Lentillon?Kaestner, Hagger Hardcastle, 2012). Fifteen had been absolved by May 2007, while three had conceded doping or proof of blood doping was found. On 23 May 2006, Spanish Guardia Civil captured the directeur sportif of the Liberty Seguros Wrth group, Manolo Saiz, and four others including Fuentes, blamed for doping rehearses with riders. Spanish police attacked living arrangements. In one, having a place with Fuentes, they found a thousand measurements of anabolic steroids, 100 parcels of blood items, and machines to control and transfuse them. The Guardia Civil found a rundown naming different cyclist involved with the doping. Freedom Seguros pulled back their sponsorship, which left Wrth as the only sponsor. Conclusion: Sports are form of entertainment that dates back to ancient Greece and come with immense fame, success and recognition for the victors. This victory does not come easily as athletes have to display the best of their physical and mental strength to win against other contenders. This leads to pressure of competition which makes athletes succumb to PED based techniques to maintain a certain image. Aspiring athletes from a young age a trained by coaches and influenced by the expectation of their parents. They feel pressurised for not being able to meet up to the high standards of expectations which lead to depression. To avoid such situations this kind PED based techniques are supported both by parents and coaches in junior level sports. The scholarship programs of elite colleges for sporting athletes make it even more desirable for parents to push their children into the competition in lieu of high quality of education. This kind of behaviour cannot be encouraged and parents need to be made aware of the adverse effects of PED in children. The scenario in case of senior athletes is a little different; they are threatened by the competition provided by the young competitors as they start to age and lose their physical strength. As a result they succumb to doping to maintain a certain public image and continue living a life of luxury. The genetic construct of every individual is different which is why, some athletes perform exceptionally well while others fall a little behind. But due to competition and discovery of drugs by medical science, athletes can alter their physiology and supersede others, which is unfair and unethical. Additionally, if an athlete is caught the media attention and investigative procedure can lead to suspension or even termination of their career. So it is advisable not to engage in doping in sports and rely on the natural talent rather than pharmaceuticals. References: Bahrke, M. S. (2012). Performance-enhancing substance misuse in sport: Risk factors and considerations for success and failure in intervention programs.Substance use misuse,47(13-14), 1505-1516. Boyle, R., Haynes, R. (2014). Sport, public relations and social media. Calmeiro, L., Tenenbaum, G., Eccles, D. W. (2014). Managing pressure: patterns of appraisals and coping strategies of non-elite and elite athletes during competition.Journal of sports sciences,32(19), 1813-1820. de Oliveira, C. D. R., de Bairros, A. V., Yonamine, M. (2014). Blood doping: risks to athletes health and strategies for detection.Substance use misuse,49(9), 1168-1181. Eynon, N., Hanson, E. D., Lucia, A., Houweling, P. J., Garton, F., North, K. N., Bishop, D. J. (2013). Genes for elite power and sprint performance: ACTN3 leads the way.Sports medicine,43(9), 803-817. Gleaves, J., Llewellyn, M. (2014). Sport, drugs and amateurism: Tracing the real cultural origins of anti-doping rules in international sport.The International Journal of the History of Sport,31(8), 839-853. Hardman, A., Jones, C., Jones, R. (2010). Sports coaching, virtue ethics and emulation.Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy,15(4), 345-359. Huybers, T., Mazanov, J. (2012). What would Kim do: A choice study of projected athlete doping considerations. Journal of sport management,26(4), 322-334. Keijsers, L., Branje, S. J., VanderValk, I. E., Meeus, W. (2010). Reciprocal effects between parental solicitation, parental control, adolescent disclosure, and adolescent delinquency.Journal of Research on Adolescence,20(1), 88-113. Lentillon?Kaestner, V., Hagger, M. S., Hardcastle, S. (2012). Health and doping in elite?level cycling.Scandinavian journal of medicine science in sports,22(5), 596-606. Madigan, D. J., Stoeber, J., Passfield, L. (2016). Perfectionism and attitudes towards doping in junior athletes.Journal of sports sciences,34(8), 700-706. Nieschlag, E., Vorona, E. (2015). MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Medical consequences of doping with anabolic androgenic steroids: effects on reproductive functions.European journal of endocrinology management,173(2), R47-R58. Nikolopoulos, D. D., Spiliopoulou, C., Theocharis, S. E. (2011). Doping and musculoskeletal system: short?term and long?lasting effects of doping agents.Fundamental clinical pharmacology,25(5), 535-563. ORourke, D. J., Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., Cumming, S. P. (2011). Trait anxiety in young athletes as a function of parental pressure and motivational climate: is parental pressure always harmful?.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,23(4), 398-412. Reardon, C. L., Creado, S. (2014). Drug abuse in athletes.Substance abuse and rehabilitation,5, 95. Tscholl, P., Alonso, J. M., Doll, G., Junge, A., Dvorak, J. (2010). The use of drugs and nutritional supplements in top-level track and field athletes.The American journal of sports medicine,38(1), 133-140. Tsiotsou, R. (2011). A stakeholder approach to international and national sport sponsorship.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,26(8), 557-565. U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA). (2018).Effects of Performance-Enhancing Drugs | USADA. [online] Available at: https://www.usada.org/substances/effects-of-performance-enhancing-drugs/ [Accessed 4 Apr. 2018].

The Great Depression Essay

Introduction The great depression essay in front of you offers a detailed summary of what caused the Great Depression that took place between 1920 and 1949 - a period of worldwide economic crisis that began in the United States of America. From 1900 to around the 1950s, a lot transpired across the globe. It was a dark period, which for many is better not remembered. Our great grandparents and grandparents talk about this era and you can automatically feel the pain in their voices. It was not all dark though, there were moments of fun and happiness such as the roaring 20s even if it was short lived. Colonialism in Africa, the massacre of Jews by Hitler, racism, across the globe, the World War I and II, and the Great Depression are among the highlights of this Dark Age. It is difficult to understand why so much hate prevailed, however, a closer look reveals a common factor, politics and superiority. Humans are megalomaniac by nature, there's no doubt about that - who wouldn't want some power for themselves. And so, when we submit to our instincts without any consideration for the consequences, the results are often disastrous. The Great Depression just like the other occurrences of that period in history are a result of politics, selfishness and greed. There are numerous angles from which one can analyze the Great Depression, and therefore you will often come across a variety of essay about the great depression . Examples include: Causes of the great depression essay What caused the great depression essay Causes and effects of the great depression essay The great depression key people The great depression in Canada essay The great depression 1929 essay The Great Depression key events/summary of events These are just but to mention a few. Note from the above list, there's a mention of Canada. This was because it was among countries that were terribly affected by the economic crisis. After the US when into recession in 1929, Canada followed suit immediately. This is probably because her main trading partners were Britain and the United States who were already in a crisis. Unemployment was at 27%, when the gross domestic product (GDP) went down by 37% in the US, in Canada it was down 40%. The economic struggles faced in this country were dire at households had to struggle to barely survive. Food lines were a common thing as a significant percentage of the population relied on the government for support. From the above, it is explanatory why you will also come across "the great depression in Canada essay". The Great Depression in Summary In 1929, the prosperous United States was faced with a worst economic crisis. In the years leading to the Great Depression, America was a glamorous and blooming nation, a period commonly referred to as the roaring 20s. That was not to last, the Great Depression came, and it became nothing but desperation and starvation. For a society that valued success to the extent that it was a measure of self-worth, a lot of people got depressed and felt humiliated. Not being able to provide for your family is a bummer even at this age which would explain why most people felt shame. The United stated was not the only country affected by the turn of events. It was a worldwide economic depression that saw industrialized economies such as those of France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Britain brought to their knees. Germany, in particular, was already in a crisis as they were experiencing hyperinflation. To make the situation worse than it already was for Germany, France and Britain demanded that they pay them World War I reparations which were exorbitantly large. The period from 1920 to 1940, saw the United States have four different sitting presidents before relief could come. It was during President Franklin Delano Roosevelt era that relief came. The New deal saw Americans faith in the banks restored, and laws passed to restore the economy back to where it was. Although the New Deal worked for some time and reforms done on it to make it even better, it eventually collapsed. It led to what came to be known as "Roosevelt Recession", this was in 1937. What really brought America back to its knees was World War II. It is almost ironical that what saved a starving and desperate nation was war. This was in December of 1941. Things took a better turn, and America began its economic recovery to the beaming success it is now. So, what led to this dark era? What Caused The Great Depression? A combination of factors led to the Great Depression. A look at the series of events that took place between 1920 and 1940, it is evident that politics and leadership contributed significantly. Leadership From 1920 to 1940, the United States had four presidents: Presidents Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Each had their own policies and agenda that contributed to the Great Depression. Leaders have the responsibility of guiding the society to survival, success, happiness and overall fulfillment of life. Therefore, they will each create policies that will enable them to be in a position to do so. President Harding came to power in 1920 and passed on unexpectedly in 1923. He was replaced by President Coolidge. They both shared similar conservatism principles economically and politically. The result was that big businesses became successful once again. However, corruption became a problem, especially during Harding's presidency. It was during President Herbert Hoover's leadership that the stock market crashed in what came to be known as "Black Tuesday" in October of 1929. This was the beginning of the Great Depression. A lot of people lost their savings in the banks. It was an economic crisis that saw many struggles for survival. Popular during this era were "Hoverflies", shanty towns that sprang up across the country when people lost their homes and sources of income. He was blamed by many for the Depression. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt offered some relief with his policies, but this was not to last eventually leading to what came to be called "Roosevelt Recession". He was responsible for helping banks restore customer faith in them. The New Deal offered some economic relief. A look at the four presidents reveals that in one way or another, their leadership had a hand in the Great Depression. The Social Revolution The roaring 20s was an era characterized by economic success and social change. It was a period that saw new innovations such as motion picture, cars, airplanes and radios. It was the start of suburban America. However, this revolution was not without its downsides. This new lifestyle went against their conservatism and they felt it was affecting their heritage. Therefore, many people were persecuted for this in what came to be known as the Red Scare. This was in 1919 to 1920. They also adopted anti-immigration policies that saw foreigners convicted for crimes not committed. Changes in culture had an impact on the Great Depression. Fundamentalism Fundamentalism and prohibitory laws passed between 1920 and 1930 negatively affected society. The prohibition of sale and consumption of alcohol, the rise of the Ku Klux Klan, and the church preaching hate. Black Tuesday The stock market collapsed in October of 1929. This was during President Hoover leadership. It marked the start of the great depression. He, however, tried to reassure the people that all was going to be well. Instead, he passed policies and raised tariffs that made the situation worse. The New Deal and Its Failure When President Franklin Delano Roosevelt came to power he passed a number of laws targeted at helping financial institutions. Commonly referred to as "the New Deal". Although people started having faith in banks, he eventually lost popularity. His court packing system saw the end of the New Deal. The creation of agencies helped various sectors of the economy recover. It did not last though, as the recession began once again in 1937. Relief Eventually, in December of 1941 when America finally joined in World War II, the Great Depression finally come to an end. Despite President Harding's and Coolidge's stance on interference with other nations, they went to war and it brought the depression to an end. Conclusion The great depression essay helps us appreciate the society we are in today. If it were not for the efforts of the leadership and the people in general of that era, America may not be what is today. The 1920 to 1940 period saw the country at highest on the success ladder and go to its lowest within a short span of time. However, the suffering and depression lasted way longer. The great depression essay serves a reminder of what poor choices and leadership can lead the society to. The great depression essay paper reveals what every society must "do" or "not do" if they are to attain success.