A History of Bow and Arrow Technology

Bow and arrow hunting (or archery) is a technology first developed by early modern humans in Africa, perhaps as long as 71,000 years ago. Archaeological evidence shows that the technology was certainly used by humans during the Howiesons Poort phase of Middle Stone Age Africa, between 37,000 and 65,000 years ago; recent evidence at South Africas Pinnacle Point cave tentatively pushes the initial use back to 71,000 years ago. However, there is no evidence that the bow and arrow technology was used by people who migrated out of Africa until the Late Upper Paleolithic or Terminal Pleistocene, at most 15,000-20,000 years ago. The oldest surviving organic elements of bows and arrows only date to the Early Holocene of about 11,000 years ago. Africa: Middle Stone Age, 71,000 years ago.Europe and Western Asia: Late Upper Paleolithic, although there are no UP rock art paintings of archers and the oldest arrow shafts date to the Early Holocene, 10,500 BP; the earliest bows in Europe are from the bog site of Stellmor in Germany, where 11,000 years ago someone lost a pine arrow shaft with nocks in the end.Japan / Northeast Asia: Terminal Pleistocene.North / South America: Terminal Pleistocene. Making a Bow and Arrow Set Based on modern-day San Bushmen bow-and-arrow manufacture, existing bows and arrows curated in South African museums as well as archaeological evidence for Sibudu Cave, Klasies River Cave, and Umhlatuzana Rockshelter in South Africa, Lombard and Haidle (2012) operationalized the basic process of making a bow and arrows. To make a bow and a set of arrows, the archer needs stone tools (scrapers, axes, woodworking adzes, hammerstones, tools for straightening and smoothing wooden shafts, flint for making fire), a container (ostrich eggshell in South Africa) for carrying water, ochre mixed with resin, pitch, or tree gum for adhesives, fire for blending and setting the adhesives, tree saplings, hardwood and reeds for the bow stave and arrow shafts, and animal sinew and plant fiber for binding material. The technology for making a bow stave is close to that of making a wooden spear (first made by Homo heidelbergensis more than 300,000 years ago); but the differences are that instead of straightening a wooden lance, the archer needs to bend the bow stave, string the bow, and treat the stave with adhesives and fat to prevent splitting and cracking. How Does It Compare to Other Hunting Technologies? From a modern standpoint, the bow and arrow technology  is definitely a leap forward from lance and atlatl (spear thrower) technology. Lance technology involves a long spear which is used to thrust at prey. An atlatl is a separate piece of bone, wood or ivory, that acts as a lever to increase the power and speed of a throw: arguably, a leather strap attached to the end of a lance spear might be a technology between the two. But bow and arrow technology has a number of technological advantages over lances and atlatls. Arrows are longer-range weapons, and the archer needs less space. To fire off an atlatl successfully, the hunter needs to stand in big open spaces and be highly visible to his/her prey; arrow hunters can hide behind bushes and shoot from a kneeling position. Atlatls and spears are limited in their repeatability: a hunter can carry one spear and maybe as many as three darts for an atlatl, but a quiver of arrows can include a dozen or more shots. To Adopt or Not to Adopt Archaeological and ethnographic evidence suggests that these technologies were rarely mutually exclusive—groups combined spears and atlatls and bows and arrows with nets, harpoons, deadfall traps, mass-kill kites, and buffalo jumps, and many other strategies as well. People vary their hunting strategies based on the prey being sought, whether it is big and dangerous or wily and elusive or marine, terrestrial or airborne in nature. The adoption of new technologies can profoundly affect the way a society is constructed or behaves. Perhaps the most important difference is that lance and atlatl hunting are group events, collaborative processes that are successful only if they include a number of family and clan members. In contrast, bow and arrow hunting can be achieved with just one or two individuals. Groups hunt for the group; individuals for the individual families. That is a profound social change, affecting almost every aspect of life including who you marry, how big is your group, and how status is conveyed. One issue that might also have affected the adoption of the technology may be that bow and arrow hunting simply has a longer training period than atlatl hunting. Brigid Grund (2017) examined records from modern competitions for atlatl (Atlatl Association International Standard Accuracy Contest) and archery (Society for Creative Anachronism InterKingdom Archery Competition). She discovered an individuals atlatl scores increase steadily, showing improvement in skill within the first few years. Bow hunters, however, do not begin to approach maximum skill until the fourth or fifth year of competition. The Great Technology Shift There is much to be understood in the processes of how technology changed and indeed which technology came first. The earliest atlatl we have dates to the Upper Paleolithic, only 20,000 years ago: the South African evidence is quite clear that bow and arrow hunting is much older still. But archaeological evidence being what it is, we still dont really know the complete answer about the dates of hunting technologies and we may never have a better definition of when the inventions occurred than at least as early as. People adapt to technologies for reasons other than just because something is new or shiny. Every new technology is characterized by its own costs and benefits for the task at hand. Archaeologist Michael B. Schiffer referred to this as application space: that the level of adoption of a new technology depends on the number and variety of tasks that it could be used on, and which it is best suited to. Old technologies are rarely completely obsoleted, and the transition period can be very long indeed. Sources Angelbeck B, and Cameron I. 2014. The Faustian bargain of technological change: Evaluating the socioeconomic effects of the bow and arrow transition in the Coast Salish past. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 36:93-109.Bradfield J. 2012. Macrofractures on bone-tipped arrows: analysis of hunter-gatherer arrows in the Fourie collection from Namibia. Antiquity 86(334):1179-1191. Brown KS, Marean CW, Jacobs Z, Schoville BJ, Oestmo S, Fisher EC, Bernatchez J, Karkanas P, and Matthews T. 2012. An early and enduring advanced technology originating 71,000 years ago in South Africa. Nature 491(7425):590-593.Callanan M. 2013. Melting snow patches reveal Neolithic archery. Antiquity 87(337):728-745.Coolidge FL, Haidle MN, Lombard M, and Wynn T. 2016. Bridging theory and bow hunting: human cognitive evolution and archaeology. Antiquity 90(349):219-228.Erlandson J, Watts J, and Jew N. 2014. Darts, Arrows, and Archaeologists: Distinguishing Dart and Arrow Points in the Archaeological Record. American Antiquity 79(1):162-169.Grund BS. 2017. Behavioral Ecology, Technology, and the Organization of Labor: How a Shift from Spear Thrower to Self Bow Exacerbates Social Disparities. American Anthropologist 119(1):104-119.Kennett DJ, Lambert PM, Johnson JR, and Culleton BJ. 2013. Sociopolitical Effects of Bow and Arrow Technology in Prehistoric Coastal California. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 22(3):124-132.Lombard M, and Haidle MN. 2012. Thinking a Bow-and-arrow Set: Cognitive Implications of Middle Stone Age Bow and Stone-tipped Arrow Technology. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 22(02):237-264.Lombard M, and Phillipson L. 2010. Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Antiquity 84(325):635–648.Whittaker JC. 2016. Levers, Not Springs: How a Spearthrower Works and Why It Matters. In: Iovita R, and Sano K, editors. Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry. Dordrecht: Springe r Netherlands. p 65-74.

Correlation Between Stock Market Returns, Inflation, And...

Abstract There is a significant correlation between stock market returns, inflation, and money growth. The effects of macroeconomic variable on equity returns are nonlinear and time variant. This characteristic makes the study of these effects difficult. I estimate a GARCH model of monthly returns of SP500, where realized returns and their volatility depend on 11 macro announcements. The purpose of this paper is to see which macroeconomic factors affect aggregate stock returns most during 2008 financial crisis. Also, the effects of these factors before and after the crisis are compared. I find out †¦ Introduction Investigating firm’s key statistics such as sales, ROIC, and free cash flow may not be enough to evaluate the company’s performance and future. â€Å"Macroeconomic indicators seem like excellent candidates as proxies of latent economic state variables because they influence both changes in firms’ cash flows and the risk-adjusted discount rate† (Gosnell Nejadmalayeri, 2010). 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Parental Pressure and Motivational Climate †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Parental Pressure and Motivational Climate. Answer: Introduction: It is common knowledge that players use performance-enhancing drugs or PED to improve their performance before a particular sport. These substances are generally deemed illegal as it provides unjustified advantage to the person using it (Bahrke 2012). This practice dates back to ancient Greece, when the athletes participating in Olympics, ate sheep testicles and heart which were high in testosterone content (Gleaves Llewellyn, 2014). However, in the 1920s this practice was recognised internally and was declared illegal. An organization called the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) was founded which aimed to control the drug use in sports (Tscholl, 2010). The commonly preferred substances are either variants of stimulants or anabolic steroids. The stimulants enhance the heart rate of the athlete and make them less susceptible to fatigue. The anabolic steroids make the athlete to build muscle-mass faster and gain the ideal weight according to the requirement. Ot her variants are cannabinoids, which are essentially narcotic analgesics, peptide hormones, glucocorticoids and beta-blockers (Reardon Creado, 2014). Each of these substances have a different role in the body physiology. Some of the substances reduce fatigue and the sensitivity towards pain and injuries. Hormone stimulating substances can induce growth factors, intensify the red blood cell count, and enhance oxygen absorption to reduce hypoxia. Certain anti-inflammatory drugs also reduce pain sensitivity, by numbing the sensation of prostaglandins. Parents and coaches: Parents have a huge impact in shaping the need and habit of an individual. Parental control is the locus of control in a childs life and by extension a junior athletes life (Keijsers et al., 2010). Research has shown that the influence of parents and coaches of athletes influence the use of PED from a young age and that affects their career later. It is a competition nowadays to keep up the performance of a kid, be it in academics or sports or any other form of extracurricular activities (ORourke et al., 2011). It is considered socially unacceptable if a child or adult athlete fails to perform or even provide average performance. In many countries athletes receive sports scholarships, which open doors for them to receive high quality education in elite colleges. This also impacts the thought process of parents who might want their children to receive best education and make a successful career out of it. According to a study Madigan in 2015, parental pressure often times makes junior athletes succumb to PED and maintain their success (Madigan Stoeber Passfield, 2016). Parents should not be practicing moral disengagement, which might affect the mental health of the child and they start to feel pressurized and demoralized at their failures. Athlete coaches oftentimes face the pressure as the athletes they train to improve the performance and maintain the success rate of the organization they represent. Oftentimes stakeholders invest a lot of money in international sporting events for which it is stressful for both the athletes and their coach to train and to receive victory. This puts the position of the coach in jeopardy as well as their image which is unacceptable to them. Nowadays sport has become a form of business where the players are paid huge amounts of money for winning international or national competitive games (Tsiotsou, 2011). Staring from Olympics, to Football or even basketball there have been many recorded incidents where the athletes have been c aught and disqualified for using PED. Athletes and their coach feel threatened at the thought of losing their countrys faith when it comes to international sporting events. Money and Status in Sports: Ever since the inception of sporting events, from ancient Greece, athletes have held a high distinction in the social class (Gleaves Llewellyn, 2014). Sporting events and their victories made the spectators believe in the athletes performance and enjoy the entertainment it comes with it. This provides athletes with recognition in the common mass, which is desirable to many as it provided certain advantages and special services that others do not receive (Hardman Jones Jones, 2010). In the modern era, social status is directly proportional with popularity and economic state of an individual. This is the reason many sports organization run a full forced business both nationally and internally. Sporting events like Olympics, international football, basketball as well as baseball have a lot of economy and recognition in stake, for which athletes feel the need to rely on PED to live up to their expectations. Huge amount of investment is made in terms of money in these events with stakeh olders, organizers, judging panels, government of various countries as well as commercial brands that want to be associated with the event (Tsiotsou, 2011). Athletes perform to the best of their abilities and work hard to win these competitive sporting events as well as aspire to receive the massive population, money and secure their future by having a successful career. The competition is so high and is growing each year as young athletes compete each year starting from schools and colleges and enter the international scene (Calmeiro, Tenenbaum Eccles, 2014). Therefore, established athletes have to maintain their success records for which they take PED to improve their performance. This is mostly observed in cases of older athletes who face physical disability sometimes and are unable to perform for prolonged period (Huybers Mazanov, 2012). These athletes succumb to these PED habits and face legal actions and loss of the recognition. Sports can also be a way to establish power of physical strength in front of the public and grant respect from them. In addition, these sporting events in the junior level provide scholarships in many countries for aspiring athletes to get into elite colleges and get high quality education and secure a bright future. Junior athletes are oftentimes dependant of PED for this reason, which should not be encouraged. Concerning Reasons for Doping in sports: Sporting events generally associated with social respect and value for the athletes along with recognition and economic stability. Spectators enjoy sporting events and come for entertainment and pleasure in millions. The victors of such sporting events happen to put in a lot of effort and hard work to win such competitive events. In addition, athletic talent is related to genetic construct of an individual to some extent. This is why not all athletes are successful, and perform extensively well and others have mediocre to below average performance (Eynon et al., 2013). The pressure of performance makes the athlete succumb to PED and enhance their performance, which is unethical as they are not naturally winning but relying on externally modifiers to achieve success (Hardman Jones Jones, 2010). This undue advantage cannot be accepted, as the other athletes who work hard will not be appreciated when they cannot supersede the drug users. The prospect of doping in sports is synonymous w ith cheating, as the athletes are undertaking unauthenticated and illegal methods to achieve success. This is the reason why such practices are considered punishable offence in many countries. Many athletes are reliant on PED to improve their performance, but not many of them know or understand the health risks associated with it. The different categories of PED have different effects on the physiology of the athletes body (Nikolopoulos, Spiliopoulou Theocharis, 2011). According to the official website of the USADA, the long-term effects of anabolic steroids are acne, baldness, stunted growth in adolescent athletes as well as increased physical aggression, sexual appetite. Female athletes, who take testosterone as PED, have increased baritone in voice, abnormal hair overgrowth, cessation of breast development and abnormal menstrual cycle (Nieschlag Vorona, 2015). Peptide hormones and growth hormones induce hypertension, cancer, anaemic condition, strokes, heart attacks, pulmonary embolism, imbalance of thyroid hormones et cetra. Beta-blockers induce headaches, nausea, perspiration, muscle cramps et cetra. Diuretic drugs induce dehydration, muscle cramps, light-headedness , and sudden blood pressure drop and loss motor response. Performance stimulants induce insomnia, anxiety, weight loss, addiction, tremors and increases susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases. Cannabinoids are known to induce heart rate, short term memory loss, slow reflex and motor skill, reduced concentration abilities, distorts the sense of time and space and presence as well as induces respiratory diseases. Also mood swings, impairs thinking and understanding. Glucocorticoids are known to reduce muscle mass which can have long-term defect as breakage of bones and tendons and ligament. Blood doping also has bad side effects as it puts pressure on the athletes cardiac system for pumping more blood suddenly. This process can enhance sudden blood clotting leading to pulmonary embolism, strokes (U.S. Anti-Doping Agency, 2018). Adverse Public Relation The public success and recognition of athletes comes with a lot of responsibilities. As mentioned earlier that the athletes are constantly at pressure to maintain a public image along with their performance. Once an athlete is caught doping before sports, he/she not only has to suffer through the humiliation which comes along with it, answer to stakeholders as well as the government but also make public statements in front of international media which further ruins their reputation (Tsiotsou, 2011). The fear of loss in addition of loss of fame, recognition and success makes these athletes develop a hyperactive defence mechanism to protect themselves from public. It is not uncommon that a certain athlete who has been caught for doping will show aggressive behaviour towards the media. This is a major problem for the public relations company that represents the athlete as their reputation is also at stake and those results a scandal (Boyle Haynes, 2014). In the 1998 Tour de France, a series of athletes representing the Festina team were caught using erythropoietin for the cycling events just minutes before the start of the game in their team car. This gave rise to a team of investigators for the suspicion of a vast network for doping. Resposnig officers stopped the car of soigneurWilly Voet and found hundreds of grams of anabolic steroids, erythropeotin syringesand other PED. As a result Voet was arrested but the sports director denied the allegations. Former players as well as current associates were all questioned in addition searching of the hotels and staff members room. This led to the withdrawal of other teams from the event. The investigation went on till 2000 when the riders confessed of using erythropoietin which led to their suspension from participation (Lentillon?Kaestner, Hagger Hardcastle, 2012). Operacin Puerto (Operation Mountain Pass) is the code name of a Spanish Police task against the doping system of Doctor Eufemiano Fuentes, began in May 2006, which brought about an outrage that included a few of the world's most well known cyclists at the time. Media consideration has concentrated on the modest number of expert street cyclists named, just the same, sportspeople from different orders including football and tennis have likewise been associated with the outrage (Lentillon?Kaestner, Hagger Hardcastle, 2012). Fifteen had been absolved by May 2007, while three had conceded doping or proof of blood doping was found. On 23 May 2006, Spanish Guardia Civil captured the directeur sportif of the Liberty Seguros Wrth group, Manolo Saiz, and four others including Fuentes, blamed for doping rehearses with riders. Spanish police attacked living arrangements. In one, having a place with Fuentes, they found a thousand measurements of anabolic steroids, 100 parcels of blood items, and machines to control and transfuse them. The Guardia Civil found a rundown naming different cyclist involved with the doping. Freedom Seguros pulled back their sponsorship, which left Wrth as the only sponsor. Conclusion: Sports are form of entertainment that dates back to ancient Greece and come with immense fame, success and recognition for the victors. This victory does not come easily as athletes have to display the best of their physical and mental strength to win against other contenders. This leads to pressure of competition which makes athletes succumb to PED based techniques to maintain a certain image. Aspiring athletes from a young age a trained by coaches and influenced by the expectation of their parents. They feel pressurised for not being able to meet up to the high standards of expectations which lead to depression. To avoid such situations this kind PED based techniques are supported both by parents and coaches in junior level sports. The scholarship programs of elite colleges for sporting athletes make it even more desirable for parents to push their children into the competition in lieu of high quality of education. This kind of behaviour cannot be encouraged and parents need to be made aware of the adverse effects of PED in children. The scenario in case of senior athletes is a little different; they are threatened by the competition provided by the young competitors as they start to age and lose their physical strength. As a result they succumb to doping to maintain a certain public image and continue living a life of luxury. The genetic construct of every individual is different which is why, some athletes perform exceptionally well while others fall a little behind. But due to competition and discovery of drugs by medical science, athletes can alter their physiology and supersede others, which is unfair and unethical. Additionally, if an athlete is caught the media attention and investigative procedure can lead to suspension or even termination of their career. So it is advisable not to engage in doping in sports and rely on the natural talent rather than pharmaceuticals. References: Bahrke, M. S. (2012). Performance-enhancing substance misuse in sport: Risk factors and considerations for success and failure in intervention programs.Substance use misuse,47(13-14), 1505-1516. Boyle, R., Haynes, R. (2014). Sport, public relations and social media. Calmeiro, L., Tenenbaum, G., Eccles, D. W. (2014). Managing pressure: patterns of appraisals and coping strategies of non-elite and elite athletes during competition.Journal of sports sciences,32(19), 1813-1820. de Oliveira, C. D. R., de Bairros, A. V., Yonamine, M. (2014). Blood doping: risks to athletes health and strategies for detection.Substance use misuse,49(9), 1168-1181. Eynon, N., Hanson, E. D., Lucia, A., Houweling, P. J., Garton, F., North, K. N., Bishop, D. J. (2013). Genes for elite power and sprint performance: ACTN3 leads the way.Sports medicine,43(9), 803-817. Gleaves, J., Llewellyn, M. (2014). Sport, drugs and amateurism: Tracing the real cultural origins of anti-doping rules in international sport.The International Journal of the History of Sport,31(8), 839-853. Hardman, A., Jones, C., Jones, R. (2010). Sports coaching, virtue ethics and emulation.Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy,15(4), 345-359. Huybers, T., Mazanov, J. (2012). What would Kim do: A choice study of projected athlete doping considerations. Journal of sport management,26(4), 322-334. Keijsers, L., Branje, S. J., VanderValk, I. E., Meeus, W. (2010). Reciprocal effects between parental solicitation, parental control, adolescent disclosure, and adolescent delinquency.Journal of Research on Adolescence,20(1), 88-113. Lentillon?Kaestner, V., Hagger, M. S., Hardcastle, S. (2012). Health and doping in elite?level cycling.Scandinavian journal of medicine science in sports,22(5), 596-606. Madigan, D. J., Stoeber, J., Passfield, L. (2016). Perfectionism and attitudes towards doping in junior athletes.Journal of sports sciences,34(8), 700-706. Nieschlag, E., Vorona, E. (2015). MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Medical consequences of doping with anabolic androgenic steroids: effects on reproductive functions.European journal of endocrinology management,173(2), R47-R58. Nikolopoulos, D. D., Spiliopoulou, C., Theocharis, S. E. (2011). Doping and musculoskeletal system: short?term and long?lasting effects of doping agents.Fundamental clinical pharmacology,25(5), 535-563. ORourke, D. J., Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., Cumming, S. P. (2011). Trait anxiety in young athletes as a function of parental pressure and motivational climate: is parental pressure always harmful?.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,23(4), 398-412. Reardon, C. L., Creado, S. (2014). Drug abuse in athletes.Substance abuse and rehabilitation,5, 95. Tscholl, P., Alonso, J. M., Doll, G., Junge, A., Dvorak, J. (2010). The use of drugs and nutritional supplements in top-level track and field athletes.The American journal of sports medicine,38(1), 133-140. Tsiotsou, R. (2011). A stakeholder approach to international and national sport sponsorship.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,26(8), 557-565. U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA). (2018).Effects of Performance-Enhancing Drugs | USADA. [online] Available at: https://www.usada.org/substances/effects-of-performance-enhancing-drugs/ [Accessed 4 Apr. 2018].

The Great Depression Essay

Introduction The great depression essay in front of you offers a detailed summary of what caused the Great Depression that took place between 1920 and 1949 - a period of worldwide economic crisis that began in the United States of America. From 1900 to around the 1950s, a lot transpired across the globe. It was a dark period, which for many is better not remembered. Our great grandparents and grandparents talk about this era and you can automatically feel the pain in their voices. It was not all dark though, there were moments of fun and happiness such as the roaring 20s even if it was short lived. Colonialism in Africa, the massacre of Jews by Hitler, racism, across the globe, the World War I and II, and the Great Depression are among the highlights of this Dark Age. It is difficult to understand why so much hate prevailed, however, a closer look reveals a common factor, politics and superiority. Humans are megalomaniac by nature, there's no doubt about that - who wouldn't want some power for themselves. And so, when we submit to our instincts without any consideration for the consequences, the results are often disastrous. The Great Depression just like the other occurrences of that period in history are a result of politics, selfishness and greed. There are numerous angles from which one can analyze the Great Depression, and therefore you will often come across a variety of essay about the great depression . Examples include: Causes of the great depression essay What caused the great depression essay Causes and effects of the great depression essay The great depression key people The great depression in Canada essay The great depression 1929 essay The Great Depression key events/summary of events These are just but to mention a few. Note from the above list, there's a mention of Canada. This was because it was among countries that were terribly affected by the economic crisis. After the US when into recession in 1929, Canada followed suit immediately. This is probably because her main trading partners were Britain and the United States who were already in a crisis. Unemployment was at 27%, when the gross domestic product (GDP) went down by 37% in the US, in Canada it was down 40%. The economic struggles faced in this country were dire at households had to struggle to barely survive. Food lines were a common thing as a significant percentage of the population relied on the government for support. From the above, it is explanatory why you will also come across "the great depression in Canada essay". The Great Depression in Summary In 1929, the prosperous United States was faced with a worst economic crisis. In the years leading to the Great Depression, America was a glamorous and blooming nation, a period commonly referred to as the roaring 20s. That was not to last, the Great Depression came, and it became nothing but desperation and starvation. For a society that valued success to the extent that it was a measure of self-worth, a lot of people got depressed and felt humiliated. Not being able to provide for your family is a bummer even at this age which would explain why most people felt shame. The United stated was not the only country affected by the turn of events. It was a worldwide economic depression that saw industrialized economies such as those of France, Japan, Italy, Germany and Britain brought to their knees. Germany, in particular, was already in a crisis as they were experiencing hyperinflation. To make the situation worse than it already was for Germany, France and Britain demanded that they pay them World War I reparations which were exorbitantly large. The period from 1920 to 1940, saw the United States have four different sitting presidents before relief could come. It was during President Franklin Delano Roosevelt era that relief came. The New deal saw Americans faith in the banks restored, and laws passed to restore the economy back to where it was. Although the New Deal worked for some time and reforms done on it to make it even better, it eventually collapsed. It led to what came to be known as "Roosevelt Recession", this was in 1937. What really brought America back to its knees was World War II. It is almost ironical that what saved a starving and desperate nation was war. This was in December of 1941. Things took a better turn, and America began its economic recovery to the beaming success it is now. So, what led to this dark era? What Caused The Great Depression? A combination of factors led to the Great Depression. A look at the series of events that took place between 1920 and 1940, it is evident that politics and leadership contributed significantly. Leadership From 1920 to 1940, the United States had four presidents: Presidents Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Each had their own policies and agenda that contributed to the Great Depression. Leaders have the responsibility of guiding the society to survival, success, happiness and overall fulfillment of life. Therefore, they will each create policies that will enable them to be in a position to do so. President Harding came to power in 1920 and passed on unexpectedly in 1923. He was replaced by President Coolidge. They both shared similar conservatism principles economically and politically. The result was that big businesses became successful once again. However, corruption became a problem, especially during Harding's presidency. It was during President Herbert Hoover's leadership that the stock market crashed in what came to be known as "Black Tuesday" in October of 1929. This was the beginning of the Great Depression. A lot of people lost their savings in the banks. It was an economic crisis that saw many struggles for survival. Popular during this era were "Hoverflies", shanty towns that sprang up across the country when people lost their homes and sources of income. He was blamed by many for the Depression. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt offered some relief with his policies, but this was not to last eventually leading to what came to be called "Roosevelt Recession". He was responsible for helping banks restore customer faith in them. The New Deal offered some economic relief. A look at the four presidents reveals that in one way or another, their leadership had a hand in the Great Depression. The Social Revolution The roaring 20s was an era characterized by economic success and social change. It was a period that saw new innovations such as motion picture, cars, airplanes and radios. It was the start of suburban America. However, this revolution was not without its downsides. This new lifestyle went against their conservatism and they felt it was affecting their heritage. Therefore, many people were persecuted for this in what came to be known as the Red Scare. This was in 1919 to 1920. They also adopted anti-immigration policies that saw foreigners convicted for crimes not committed. Changes in culture had an impact on the Great Depression. Fundamentalism Fundamentalism and prohibitory laws passed between 1920 and 1930 negatively affected society. The prohibition of sale and consumption of alcohol, the rise of the Ku Klux Klan, and the church preaching hate. Black Tuesday The stock market collapsed in October of 1929. This was during President Hoover leadership. It marked the start of the great depression. He, however, tried to reassure the people that all was going to be well. Instead, he passed policies and raised tariffs that made the situation worse. The New Deal and Its Failure When President Franklin Delano Roosevelt came to power he passed a number of laws targeted at helping financial institutions. Commonly referred to as "the New Deal". Although people started having faith in banks, he eventually lost popularity. His court packing system saw the end of the New Deal. The creation of agencies helped various sectors of the economy recover. It did not last though, as the recession began once again in 1937. Relief Eventually, in December of 1941 when America finally joined in World War II, the Great Depression finally come to an end. Despite President Harding's and Coolidge's stance on interference with other nations, they went to war and it brought the depression to an end. Conclusion The great depression essay helps us appreciate the society we are in today. If it were not for the efforts of the leadership and the people in general of that era, America may not be what is today. The 1920 to 1940 period saw the country at highest on the success ladder and go to its lowest within a short span of time. However, the suffering and depression lasted way longer. The great depression essay serves a reminder of what poor choices and leadership can lead the society to. The great depression essay paper reveals what every society must "do" or "not do" if they are to attain success.

Osmosis Essay Essays

Osmosis Essay Essays Osmosis Essay Paper Osmosis Essay Paper Osmosis is a form of passive transport, and a specialised form of diffusion. It is the movement of water from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one, through a semipermeable membrane. Hence it is where water moves from a high to a low concentration. I will design an experiment to test this process on a typical example of osmosis effect on plant cells, taking as the sample, potato. It is through osmosis and the fluctuating levels of water in the cell that the concentrations of minerals in the plant are regulated. Expt. 1 Last year, I conducted two experiments in which dialysis tubing was used to simulate the semipermeable membrane. In the first experiment a knot was tied in one end of a length of soaked dialysis tubing and a pipette was used to half fill it with a strong glucose solution. The air bubbles were expelled and a knot was tied in the other end. At this point the tubing was flaccid (limp). When it was then placed in a test-tube full of distilled water, it became turgid (firm). [See diag.1] Expt. 2 In the second experiment red-dyed sugar solution was placed in a bell-shaped piece of apparatus, with a capillary tube off it and a cellulose film over the bottom [See diag.2]. This was then placed in a beaker full of distilled water and left for half an hour, by which time the level of water in the beaker had gone down, and red dye had moved up the capillary tube. The water in the beaker had not turned red. The experiment was then repeated with a stronger solution. The volume of water in the beaker decreased further; the dye went further up the capillary tube. These two experiments clearly demonstrated that, while small water molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane, larger molecules (such as glucose) do not. This is why the water in the beaker did not turn red, while the red dye in the capillary tube did become paler. The second experiment also showed that the more concentrated the solution, the more water diffused in by osmosis. Expt. 3 More recently, I conducted an experiment investigating these processes in a real plant cell. An onion was cut up, and two small pieces of the epidermis (a single layer of cells) were peeled, cut and placed onto microscope slide. Onto one of them was pipetted a few drops of distilled water; onto the other was pipetted a few drops of 1 molar glucose solution. Cover slips were then placed onto the two pieces of onion epidermis. [see diag.3a]. These were then placed under the microscope, and their cells looked identical [see diag.3b]. Fifteen minutes later, however, a marked change had been observed. While the onion cells bathed in distilled water had become turgid [see diag.3c], those bathed in glucose had been plasmolysed [see diag.3d]. Plasmolysis occurs when water diffuses out of the cell vacuole, causing the cytoplasm to have a decreased volume, in turn causing the cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall. It only occurs when the cell is hypoosmotic relative to the bathing solution. That is to say that plasmolysis only occurs when the cells solute potential (?s) is lower and therefore water potential (?w) is higher than that of the bathing solution. The bathing solution is hypertonic: this means that there is a higher concentration of solute, and thus lower concentration of water, in the bathing solution than the cell. Totally dilute water has infinite water potential, and zero solute potential. In Expt.3, the water potential of the onion cells in the glucose solution was greater than that of the onion cells in the distilled water. So, because the onion cells in the glucose solution were hypoosmotic, they were plasmolysed. Whereas the onion cells in the distilled water were hyperosmotic (had higher solute, and therefore lower water, potential), so became turgid. In my investigation of osmosis in potato cells, I hope to be able to determine the water potential of the cells. I will do this by finding the isotonic (equal solute, and therefore water potential) bathing solution. Key Variables I will be testing a total of 5 bathing solutions (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mol glucose solutions distilled water). I will require 10 potato pieces (two for each solution). As they will be cut from a slice of potato 1 cm tall, the height is already constant. I must also ensure that the breadth of each piece is constant: 1cm. It is vital that the breadth and height are constant so that it is possible to measure any change in length. Of course, in order to measure the change, it will be necessary to ensure that the initial lengths are constant, and to ensure that I measure the same sides at the beginning as the end. To do this, I will take a tiny segment out of one side (I will measure the other). The initial lengths will be 2.5 cm. Obviously, it is hoped that the potato will have an even density, but in case it does not, the individual masses will be measured beforehand as well as afterwards. Through the use of such a precise piece of apparatus, I hope to be more accurate in my final readings. Also, this way the comparison between increase/ decrease in the lengths of potato pieces may be reinforced by a comparison between the increase/ decrease in their masses. So the readings will not only be more accurate, but also more reliable. The initial volumes of the bathing solutions must be constant, in order to better compare any changes in volumes. The initial volumes will be 20ml. The amount of time during which the potato pieces are left in their bathing solutions must be constant. The time set will be 30 minutes. The only variable left is the strength of the bathing solution. These are: 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mol glucose solutions distilled water. I am using these solutions because I want to show some potato cells become turgid and be plasmolysed: and I will need this sort of range to do so, because potato has a lower water potential than onion (and will therefore need a stronger solution than that used in Expt.3). Aim To discover the water potential of the average potato cell in terms of the relative isotonic bathing solution. Hypothesis As demonstrated in the three experiments in the Introduction, osmosis determines that water travels from high to low concentration over a selectively permeable membrane. In the planned experiment, when the bathing solution is hypertonic (lower water potential, higher solute potential) relative to the potato cell, water will flow out of the vacuole into the bathing solution (plasmolysis, Expt.3). This will cause the potato cells to become flaccid, shrinking and losing weight. The potato pieces that lose mass, and decrease in length will be the ones with high water potential, relative to the bathing solution. I think this will happen in the distilled water, because completely distilled water has infinite water potential. When the bathing solution is hypotonic (higher water potential, lower solute potential) relative to the potato cell, the cell will become turgid because water will flow from the bathing solution into the vacuole. The potato pieces that increase in length and gain mass will be the ones with low water potential, relative to the bathing solution. I predict this for the strong glucose solutions (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mol), because I have seen from experiments 12 that strong glucose solutions have low water potential. When the bathing solution is isotonic (equal water potential, equal solute potential) relative to the potato cell, the cell will not change. The potato pieces that neither increase nor decrease in length and neither lose nor gain mass will be the ones with the same water potential, relative to the bathing solution. I believe this will occur in the weakest glucose solution (0.2mol) because, although a 0.1mol solution plasmolysed the onions in Expt.3, potatoes have a lower water content than onions (85% as opposed to 89%), meaning that they will also have a lower water potential. I am therefore predicting that the water potential of the average potato cell is equal to that of a low strength glucose solution. I say this because I know that, in distilled water, the cells become turgid; and in strong glucose solutions, the cells plasmolyse. Apparatus slab of potato 1cm thick, scalpel, white tile, solutions (0.3, 0.6, 0.9 mol glucose), distilled water, 5 boiling tubes, clock, ruler (mm), electric balance (to 0.01g), and a measuring cylinder, forceps, boiling tube rack, paper towels. Planned Method First I will cut out the 10 potato pieces (10x10x25mm) on the white tile with the scalpel, taking a chunk out of one side [see diag. 4a]. Then I will measure their masses on the electric balance. Then I will measure out the volumes of the bathing solutions (20ml each) in a measuring cylinder (the measuring cylinder will be dried after each measure) [see diag. 4b]. Then I will pour the bathing solutions into the 5 boiling tubes, which I will have labelled, and two potato pieces will be placed into each boiling tube and the timer started [see diag. 4c]. 30 minutes later, I will remove the 10 potato pieces, rinse (briefly) and dry them, and measure their lengths and masses. These will then be recorded. Then the volumes of the bathing solutions will be recorded (again, the measuring cylinder will be dried after each measure). Diagrams Safety Precautions As with all substances in a science laboratory, it is vital that I do not taste the potato, the solutions or the distilled water. I must not touch my face or licking my fingers before washing my hands, but I should attempt to avoid getting the liquids if possible, as it risks contaminating our results. Evidently, care must also be taken with the scalpel in the cutting of the potato, as it is a sharp instrument.

Gun Show Laws by State and The Gun Show Loophole

Gun Show Laws by State and The Gun Show Loophole At gun shows, both official firearms retailers and private individuals sell and trade firearms to large numbers of potential buyers and traders. These gun transfers are not regulated by law in most states. This lack of regulation is called the gun show loophole. It is praised by gun rights advocates but denounced by gun control supporters, as the loophole allows persons who would not be able to pass a Brady Act gun buyer background check to illegally obtain firearms. Gun Show Background The Federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (BATFE) has estimated that 5,000 gun shows are held annually in the U.S. These shows attract tens of thousands of attendees and result in the transfer of thousands of firearms. Between 1968 and 1986, gun dealers were prohibited from selling firearms at gun shows. The Gun Control Act of 1968 barred Federal Firearms License (FFL) holders from making gun show sales by ordering that all sales must take place at the dealer’s place of business. The Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986 reversed that portion of the Gun Control Act. The BATFE now estimates that as many as 75% of weapons sold at gun shows are sold by licensed dealers. The Gun Show Loophole Issue The â€Å"gun show loophole† refers to the fact that most states do not require background checks for firearms sold or traded at gun shows by private individuals. Federal law requires background checks on guns sold by federally licensed (FFL) dealers only. The federal Gun Control Act of 1968 defined â€Å"private sellers† as anyone who sold fewer than four firearms during any 12-month period. However, the 1986 Firearm Owners Protection Act deleted that restriction and loosely defined private sellers as individuals who do not rely on gun sales as the principal way of obtaining their livelihood. Proponents of unregulated gun show sales say that there is no gun show loophole - gun owners are simply selling or trading guns at the shows as they would at their residences. Federal legislation has attempted to put an end to the so-called loophole by requiring that all gun show transactions take place through FFL dealers. Most recently, a 2009 bill attracted several co-sponsors in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate, but Congress ultimately failed to take up consideration of the legislation. Gun Show Laws by State As of November 2016, 19 states and the District of Columbia have their own gun show background check requirements. Nine states (California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, New York, Nevada, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Washington) require background checks at the point of sale for all transfers, including purchases from unlicensed sellers. In Maryland and Pennsylvania, background checks are required for handguns only. Gun show gun buyers in Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts, and New Jersey are required to obtain a state-issued permit. Iowa, Michigan, Nebraska, and North Carolina require state-issued permits for handguns only. In 32 states, there are currently no laws - federal or state - regulating firearms sales between private individuals at gun shows. However, even in states where background checks of private sales are not required by law, organizations hosting the gun show may require them as a matter of policy. In addition, private sellers are free to have a third-party federally-licensed gun dealer run background checks even though they may not be required by law. Attempts to Close the Gun Show Loophole It is not like gun control advocates in Congress have not tried to close the gun show loophole. Federal Gun show loophole bills were introduced in seven consecutive Congresses from 2001 to 2013 - two in 2001, two in 2004, one in 2005, one in 2007, two in 2009, two in 2011, and one in 2013. None of them passed. In March 2017, Rep. Carolyn Maloney (D-New York) introduced the Gun Show Loophole Closing Act of 2017 (H.R. 1612) requiring criminal background checks on all firearms transactions occurring at gun shows. As of June 26, 2017, the bill had been referred to the House Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations. The Bloomberg Investigation In 2009, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, founder of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns group, stirred controversy and stimulated the gun show debate when NYC hired private investigators to target gun shows in the unregulated states of Ohio, Nevada, and Tennessee. According to a report released by Bloomberg’s office, 22 of 33 private sellers sold guns to undercover investigators who informed them that they probably could not pass a background check, while 16 of 17 licensed sellers allowed straw purchases by the undercover investigators. A straw purchase involves an individual who is prohibited from purchasing a firearm recruiting someone else to purchase a gun for him.

Monitoring U.S. citizens' phone conversations to detect potential Essay - 1

Monitoring U.S. citizens' phone conversations to detect potential terriorist threats - Essay Example The very spirit of American political life and popular expectations simply do not allow the state to extend its sway beyond a point where it not only interferes with the personal and professional lives of people and individuals, but rather tempers with the privacy of their private and professional phone conversations. National security is really very important. However, the concerns for national security cannot be allowed to irrationality expand to a level where they start hampering the normal activities of the citizens. The act of monitoring the phone conversations of citizens is also unconstitutional and violates the Fourth Amendment rights of the citizens, which constitute a part of the Bill of Rights (Dripps, 2007). Superficially speaking, the Fourth Amendment to the constitution of the United States of America intends to protect the citizens from illegal search and seizures. Surprisingly, the very purpose of this Amendment was to check the abuse of general search warrants in the American Revolution (Dripps, 2007). In the historical Katz v. United States judgment, the US Supreme Court declared any state intrusion into an area where a citizen has the reasonable expectation and right to seek privacy, to be an illegal search and a violation of the Fourth Amendment (Dripps, 2007). Thus, monitoring of the phone conversations of the US citizens is a legal and ethical violation of their privacy. This in no way means that the law enforcement agencies simply cannot have an access to the phone conversations of the people doubted of having terrorist links. They can do so as per the ways and procedures laid down by the US laws. As per the Fourth Amendment, the law enforcement personnel can resort to a legal search (here monitoring of phone conversations), provided such a procedure is pursuant to a valid court warrant sanctioned on the basis of the information provided by a law enforcement personnel to the court, under an oath

Threats to the Tropical Rainforest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Threats to the Tropical Rainforest - Essay Example The potential impact of these threats on biodiversity of tropical forest is difficult to assess, due to the fact that the threats could be interlinked and each precipitates either direct or indirect effects. Regardless of the uncertainties associated with threat evaluation and impact assessment, the fact that these forests are subject to radical ecological changes, hence degradation is indubitable. For these reasons, it is imperative for conservationists and the global populations, to monitor, comprehend, and prevent the negative impact of these threats at all costs. Background Information Most studies in Earth systems reveal the fact that Tropical rainforests represent one of the World’s oldest and uninterrupted ecosystems. For instance, fossil records indicate that South-east Asia’s humid forests have been in existence for between 70 and 100 million years, without much alteration to their original form. Tropical rainforests make up some of the world’s haven for species, since they could have more than 1000 different species within an area of one square kilometer (km2). This is a very large proportion of both floral and faunal species, in comparison to that found in temperate forests, which harbor a meager 100 species within a similar spatial area. Tropical rainforests cover an estimated 2% area of Earth’s surface, which amounts to approximately 2000 million hectares (Ha). These forests get their name â€Å"Tropical† from their location within the tropics, that is, the Tropic of Capricorn about 23 degrees south and the Tropic of Cancer about 23 degrees north of the Equator (Primack and Corlett 15). Given the strategic location of Tropical rainforests within the tropics, they span across most of the world’s continents, including Africa, Asia, Northern Australia, and South America. These forests are also found in many of the tropical islands within these areas (Wright 554-555). The Amazon Rainforest is the largest of the Tropical rainforests in the world. Found in South America, the Amazon forest covers eight nations including Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela, Suriname and Ecuador. This huge forest covers a 2 million square miles area. Studies have shown that Tropical rainforests play a significant role in regulating local, as well as, global climatic conditions, in addition to regulating the crucial carbon cycle. The forests regulate the carbon cycle by absorbing and storing large amounts of carbon, while releasing much needed oxygen to the environment. This happens when the vast number of plants takes up carbon during photosynthesis, thus incorporating it into stored biomass. Even though there is no agreement as to whether preserved rainforests constitute the principal sink or source of carbon, negative influences of excessive deforestation are clearly known. Additionally, the role of deforestation in negating the carbon cycle is indubitable (Fearnside 681). Over the last severa l years, discussions regarding the links between forests’

My Experience with Mother Hens and Their Families Essay Example for Free

My Experience with Mother Hens and Their Families Essay The purpose of our sanctuary on the Virginia Eastern Shore is to provide a home for chickens who already exist, rather than adding to the population and thus diminishing our capacity to adopt more birds. For this reason we do not allow our hens to hatch their eggs in the spring and early summer as they would otherwise do, given their association with the roosters in our yard. All of our birds have been adopted from situations of abandonment or abuse, or else they were no longer wanted or able to be cared for by their previous owners. Our two-acre sanctuary is a fenced open yard that shades into tangled wooded areas filled with trees, bushes, vines, undergrowth and the soil chickens love to scratch in all year round. It also includes several smaller fenced enclosures with chicken-wire roofs, each with its own predator-proof house, for chickens who are inclined to fly over fences during chick-hatching season, and thus be vulnerable to the raccoons, foxes, owls, possums and other predators inhabiting the woods and fields around us. I learned the hard way about the vulnerability of chickens to predators. Once, a hen named Eva, who had jumped the fence and been missing for several weeks, reappeared in early June with a brood of eight fluffy chicks. This gave me a chance to observe directly some of the maternal behavior I had read so much about. We had adopted Eva into our sanctuary along with several other hens and a rooster confiscated during a cockfighting raid in Alabama. Watching Eva travel around the yard, outside the sanctuary fence with her tiny brood close behind her, was like watching a family of wild birds whose dark and golden feathers blended perfectly with the woods and foliage they melted in and out of during the day. Periodically, at the edge of the woods, Eva would squat down with her feathers puffed out, and her peeping chicks would all run under her wings for comfort and warmth. A few minutes later, the family was on the move again. Throughout history, hens have been praised for their ability to defend their young from an attacker. I watched Eva do exactly this one day when a large dog wandered in front of the magnolia tree where she and her chicks were foraging. With her wings outspread and curved menacingly toward the dog, she rushed at him over and over, cackling loudly, all the while continuing to push her chicks behind herself with her wings. The dog stood stock still  before the excited mother hen, and soon ambled away, but Eva maintained her aggressive posture of self-defense, her sharp, repetitive cackle and attentive lookout for several minutes after he was gone. Eva’s behavior toward the dog differed radically from her behavior toward me, demonstrating her ability to distinguish between a likely predator and someone she perceived as presenting no dire threat to her and her chicks. She already knew me from the sanctuary yard, and though I had never handled her apart from lifting her out of the crate she’d arrived in from Alabama several months earlier, when I started discreetly stalking her and her family, to get the closest possible view of them, the most she did when she saw me coming was dissolve with her brood into the woods or disappear under the magnolia tree. While she didn’t see me as particularly dangerous, she nevertheless maintained a wary distance that, over time, diminished to where she increasingly brought her brood right up to the sanctuary fence, approaching the front steps of our house, and ever closer to me but not too close just yet. When she and her chicks were out and about, and I called to her, â₠¬Å"Hey, Eva,† she’d quickly look up at me, poised and alert for several seconds, before resuming her occupation. One morning, I looked outside expecting to see the little group in the dewy grass, but they were not there. Knowing that mother raccoons prowled nightly looking for food for their own youngsters in the summer, I sadly surmised they were the likely reason that I never saw my dear Eva and her chicks again. Inside the sanctuary, I broke the no chick-hatching rule just once. Upon returning from a trip of several days, I discovered that Daffodil, a soft white hen with a sweet face and quiet manner, was nestled deep in the corner of her house in a nest she’d pulled together from the straw bedding on the dirt floor. Seeing there were only two eggs under her, and fearing they might contain embryos mature enough to have well-developed nervous systems by then, I left her alone. A few weeks later on a warm day in June, I was scattering fresh straw in the house next to hers, when all of a sudden I heard the tiniest peeps. Thinking a sparrow was caught inside, I ran to  guide the bird out. But those peeps were not from a sparrow; they arose from Daffodil’s corner. Adjusting my eyes, I peered down into the dark place where Daffodil was, and there I beheld the source of the tiny voice a little yellow face with dark bright eyes was peeking out of her feathers. I kneeled down and stared into the face of the chick who looked intently back at me, before it hid itself, then peeked out again. I looked closely into Daffodil’s face as well, knowing from experience that making direct eye contact with chickens is crucial to forming a trusting, friendly relationship with them. If chickens see people only from the standpoint of boots and shoes, and people don’t look them in the eye and talk to them, no bond of friendship will be formed between human and bird. I’ve seen this difference expressed between hens we’ve adopted into our sanctuary from an egg production facility, for example, and chickens brought to us as young birds or as someone’s former pet. Former egg-industry hens tend to look back at me, not with that sharp, bright, direct focus of a fully confident chicken, but with a watchful opacity that no doubt in part reflects their having spent their entire previous lives in cages or on crowded floors in dark, polluted buildings that permanently affected their eyes before coming to our sanctuary. Psychologically, it’s as if they’ve pulled down a little curtain between themselves and human beings that does not prevent friendship but infuses their recovery with a settled strain of fear. I’ll say more about these hens presently. From the very first, a large red rooster named Francis regularly visited Daffodil and her chick in their nesting place, and Daffodil acted happy and content to have him there. Frequently, I found him quietly sitting with her and the little chick, who scrambled around both of them, in and out of their feathers. Though roosters will mate with more than one hen in the flock, a rooster and a hen will also form bonds so strong that they will refuse to mate with anyone else. Could it be that Francis was the father of this chick and that he and Daffodil knew it? He certainly was uniquely and intimately involved with the pair, and it wasn’t as though he was the head of the  flock, the one who oversaw all of the hens and the other roosters and was thus fulfilling his duty in that role. Rather, Francis seemed simply to be a member of this particular family. For the rest of the summer, Daffodil and her chick formed a kind of enchanted circle with an inviolable space all around themselves, as they roamed together in the yard, undisturbed by the other chickens. Not once did I see Francis or any of the other roosters try to mate with Daffodil during the time she was raising her frisky chick the little one I named Daisy who grew up to be Sir Daisy, a large, handsome rooster with white and golden-brown feathers.

Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

In the poem Beowulf, there are many monsters that are slayed by the hero. Like in the poem, many monsters exist in our world today. One of the monsters that attack people is a negative attitude. This monster attacks numerous people everyday, limiting their potential to succeed. However, there is a hero who battles this monster everyday. This hero is my swim coach, Jim Keogh. Coach Keogh fights off the negative attitude that attacks his swimmers in every practice. With Keogh’s help, his swimmers can accomplish their goals by fighting off the negative attitude.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A negative attitude is a monster that attacks many people in my life. People who live with a negative attitude are always depressed and worried about what they face everyday. I see this feeling in many of my fellow swimmers, as well as myself. The monster attacks us when we are most vulnerable, working hard at practice. The monster jumps into our brains and begins to make us to see ourselves failing. When we begin to worry about failing, we leave no time for ourselves to think about how to succeed in finishing the workout. This horrid beast lowers our self-confidence and limits our chances to put forth a full effort. The beast will engage in people if they are down on themselves about not achieving the standards they had set forth. When a swimmer swims a race and adds a couple of seconds to his best time, he will get upset. That is the moment when the monster attacks. The negative-attitude monster will make this person believe that he could never go any faster and that he had wasted all of his practice time. Along with attacking one of us at practice, the monster attacks others through a skillfully thought out plan. The way the plan works is that the monster makes one person believe they cannot make it through the workout. This person then begins to talk negatively about the set being too hard or too long. The other swimmers who have not been attacked listen to the infected one. They subsequently begin to doubt themselves. Then, in a matter of minutes, the monster has successfully conquered a whole group of swimmers and makes them believe that they cannot succeed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our hero who fights the negative attitude everyday is Coach Jim Keogh. Everyday at swim practice Keogh’s swimmers encounter many tiring moments when they are vulnerable for attack by the monster.

Collaboration Assessment Guide

Collaboration Assessment Guide Please complete this four part guide and submit for the Collaboration Lesson. Part One: Collaboration lesson/task description Describe the lesson or task you completed collaboratively in a paragraph consisting of five or more sentences. Part Two: Peer and Self Evaluation Rate each member of the team, including yourself, according to each of the performance criteria below.  ·3 = above average 2 = average 1 = below averageStudent Names|CooperationListened to and respected others and their opinions|ContributionContributed their fair share to the completion of the task or project; fulfilling their assigned duties|ParticipationConsistently spoke up, attended all meetings, fully participated, stayed on task, and offered relevant information|ResponsibilityCompleted all necessary work adequately and on time without needing reminders|FeedbackOffered appropriate and adequate feedback when necessary| |||||| ||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| Part Three: Self-Refl ection Respond to the following in two to three sentences each. What did you enjoy most about working with others on this lesson/task? Explain. How did your team deal with conflict? Explain. Do you feel others were happy with your participation in the lesson/task? Explain. What will you do differently, if anything, in your next online collaboration opportunity? Explain. Additional comments: Part Four: EvidenceProvide evidence of collaboration in the space below or in a separate document. Examples of evidence include, but are not limited to, the following:  ·Link to the team wiki, blog, Voicethread, or other web 2. 0 tool  ·Copy and paste below, attach, or provide a screen shot of the discussion thread from the blog, wiki, discussion area, instant message, email, etc.  ·Copy and paste or attach team project plan and final project  ·Any other specific evidence as listed with the collaboration lesson or task you completed

Kona coffee Essay

Kona coffee company is one of the largest coffee manufacturers in the state of Hawaii. Their products are made in Hawaii and they have over forty different flavors. Because the coffee beans are grown in Hawaii this is the only place it can be found. High-quality as well as luxurious products. Strong Point †¢Corporate culture †¢Products †¢Political and Legal Environment – Great assessment in communicating the need to be aware of not only American export laws, but Japanese import laws as well. †¢Coffee Market – Information about the numbers of coffee market was good in showing the increase in coffee consumption. – Also how Japan has become the world’s third largest importer of coffee. †¢SWOT analysis †¢Marketing Objectives †¢Marketing Strategies – Excellent target market. †¢Supply chain strategies †¢Implementation Plan 1 2 – Researching upscale stores, Partner with a local ad agency, and Promotions such as taste tests are excellent idea. Sampling is the best way to promote a product. †¢Measurement and Control Strategies – Surveys are a great way to gain feedback both positive and negative. Weak Points †¢Situation Analysis †¢Markets. †¢Economic Environment – Could go more into detail about reasons why expansion would be good in this market. How is Japans economy? †¢Distribution †¢Competitive Environment †¢Promotion Strategies – A little bit weak on promotion. The biggest promotion should be social media. Missing Points †¢Situation Analysis could have gone more in depth – Main competitors are not mentioned – Product distribution missing – Environmental factors – Core fundamentals such as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats need to be slightly mentioned †¢Mission statement is missing. – Although I did find a cute quote on their web page â€Å"The warmth of the islands in every cup†. †¢Distribution – Could have mentioned how much is distributed to each store – Also how much is sold online My Conclusions: Although Japan is in its infancy in coffee culture I think it would be an excellent idea to offer Hawaiian coffee because Hawaii is seen as paradise. This analysis is missing in the report as well as Japans culture. They didn’t mention the fact that Japans coffee shops serve as meeting rooms for businessmen to talk and possibly capture new clients. It is very important to understand origins of culture so as to understand how to promote new 2 3 products in the best way possible. They don’t quit mention much about how brief japan customers visit a coffee shop and how to manage this problem. They would have to draw in and make the products attractive. It should be mentioned when Starbucks entered into Japan how it changed the views of coffee shops in Japan. It brought back a sit-and-have-a-chat style of coffee consumption. References http://www. hawaiianisles. com http://www. japantoday. com/category/opinions/view/japans-coffee-culture 3.

Activities to Practice Decoding Skills for Reading

Activities to Practice Decoding Skills for Reading Decoding skills help a child learn to read and develop fluency in reading. Some of the major decoding skills include recognizing sounds and sound blends, deciphering the meaning of a word through recognition or context and understanding the role of each word within a sentence. The following activities help a student build decoding skills. Recognizing Sounds and Sound Blends Give the Clown a Balloon This exercise helps teach and reinforce that letters can sound different depending on the letters around them, for example, the a in hat sounds different than the a in cake because of the silent e at the end of the word. Use pictures of clowns; each clown represents a different sound for the same letter, for example, the letter a sounds differently in many different words. One clown can represent a long a, one can represent short a. Children are given balloons with words containing the letter a and must decide which clown gets the balloon. Sound of the Week Use letters or letter blends and make one sound the sound of the week. Have students practice recognizing this sound in daily reading, picking out objects in the room that have the sound in them and coming up with a list of words that contain the sound. Be sure to keep the letter or letter blend on the board or in a place that is highly visible in the classroom throughout the week. Understanding the Word’s Meaning Building Vocabulary - Synonym Crossword Puzzle This activity can be used for different ages, using simple words and clues for young children and more difficult for older children. Create a crossword puzzle; students need to find a synonym for the clue. For example, your clue might be blanket and the word covers can be put into the crossword puzzle. You can also create a crossword puzzle using antonyms. Change the Words without Changing the Story Provide students with a short story, maybe a paragraph long, and have them change as many words as they can without changing the meaning of the story very much. For example, the first sentence might read, John went running through the park. Students might change the sentence to read, John moved quickly through the playground. Parts of a Sentence Adjectives Have students bring in a picture of something from home. This can be a picture of a pet, a vacation, their home or a favorite toy. Students trade pictures with another class member and write as many adjectives as they can about the picture. For example, a picture of a pet dog can include words such as: brown, little, sleepy, spotted, playful, and curious, depending on the picture. Have students trade pictures again and compare the adjectives they found. Race to Make a Sentence Use vocabulary words and write each word on two cards. Divide the class into two teams and give each team one set of the words, face down. The first member of each team picks up a card (should be the same word on both cards) and runs to the board and write a sentence using the word. The first person with a correct sentence gets one point for their team.

The First Voyage of Christopher Columbus (1492-1493)

The First Voyage of Christopher Columbus (1492-1493) How was the first voyage of Columbus to the New World undertaken, and what was its legacy? Having convinced the King and Queen of Spain to finance his voyage, Christopher Columbus departed mainland Spain on August 3, 1492. He quickly made port in the Canary Islands for a final restocking and left there on September 6. He was in command of three ships: the Pinta, the Nià ±a, and the Santa Marà ­a. Although Columbus was in overall command, the Pinta was captained by Martà ­n Alonso Pinzà ³n and the Nià ±a by Vicente Yaà ±ez Pinzà ³n. First Landfall: San Salvador On October 12, Rodrigo de Triana, a sailor aboard the Pinta, first sighted land. Columbus himself later claimed that he had seen a sort of light or aura before Triana did, allowing him to keep the reward he had promised to give to  whoever spotted land first. The land turned out to be a small island in the present-day Bahamas. Columbus named the island San Salvador, although he remarked in his journal that the natives referred to it as Guanahani. There is some debate over which island was Columbus’ first stop; most experts believe it to be San Salvador, Samana Cay, Plana Cays or Grand Turk Island. Second Landfall: Cuba Columbus had explored five islands in the modern-day Bahamas before he made it to Cuba. He reached Cuba on October 28, making landfall at Bariay, a harbor near the eastern tip of the island. Thinking he had found China, he sent two men to investigate. They were Rodrigo de Jerez and Luis de Torres, a converted Jew who spoke Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic in addition to Spanish. Columbus had brought him as an interpreter. The two men failed in their mission to find the Emperor of China  but did visit a native Taà ­no village. There they were the first to observe the smoking of tobacco, a habit which they promptly picked up. Third Landfall: Hispaniola Leaving Cuba, Columbus made landfall on the Island of Hispaniola on December 5. The natives called it Haità ­, but Columbus renamed it La Espaà ±ola, a name which was later changed to Hispaniola when Latin texts were written about the discovery. On December 25, the Santa Marà ­a ran aground and had to be abandoned. Columbus himself took over as captain of the Nià ±a, as the Pinta had become separated from the other two ships. Negotiating with the local chieftain Guacanagari, Columbus arranged to leave 39 of his men behind in a small settlement, named La Navidad. Return to Spain On January 6, the Pinta arrived, and the ships were reunited: they set out for Spain on January 16. The ships arrived in Lisbon, Portugal, on March 4, returning to Spain shortly after that. Historical Importance of Columbus First Voyage In retrospect, it is somewhat surprising that what is today considered one of the most important voyages in history was something of a failure at the time. Columbus had promised to find a new, quicker route to the lucrative Chinese trade markets and he failed miserably. Instead of holds full of Chinese silks and spices, he returned with some trinkets and a few bedraggled natives from Hispaniola. Some 10 more had perished on the voyage. Also, he had lost the largest of the three ships entrusted to him. Columbus actually considered the natives his greatest find. He thought that a new slave trade could make his discoveries lucrative. Columbus was hugely disappointed a few years later when Queen Isabela, after careful thought, decided not to open the New World to slave trading. Columbus never believed that he had found something new. He maintained, to his dying day, that the lands he discovered were indeed part of the known Far East. In spite of the failure of the first expedition to find spices or gold, a much larger second expedition was approved, perhaps in part due to Columbus’ skills as a salesman. Sources Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962 Thomas, Hugh. Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan. 1st edition, Random House, June 1, 2004.

Business case to successfully justify a suitable Knowledge Management Essay

Business case to successfully justify a suitable Knowledge Management System (KMS) for managing its tacit knowledge - Essay Example This thesis report highlights the importance of Knowledge Management System in an information-consulting firm that makes implementations of solutions like ERP in order to validate and substantiate the administration of its tacit knowledge. In addition, the Knowledge management theories, methods, and structural design that the enterprise can implement will come under evaluation in conjunction with the knowledge assessment of the company’s tacit knowledge, and will identify the necessary and existing gaps. Based on the assessments and the gap analysis, a framework and collection of possible approaches comes under proposal and recommendation that can better understand the needs of the talked about enterprise, reduce and shrink the threats involved in a Knowledge management system, and eventually facilitate the company in its development and growth. Furthermore, the discussion of the paper will also highlight and accentuate the advantages of a Knowledge Management System that will contribute to the business value of the ABC consulting firm and its productivity. Background Information As the world has entered into the twenty first century, it has undergone many technological advancements and improvements and the industries are transforming their manual processes onto technology-based processes. With this increasing demand of technology, and the growing competition, it becomes complicated and challenging to react to such market oscillations and instability. Therefore, several corporations are moving towards the implementation of solutions such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), which is considerably one of the best solutions for the integrated processes, which raise and augment the competitive advantages of the corporations’ (Khosrowpour, pp. 115-118, 2001). The service provider or the information consulting company of these kinds of solutions is the subject of study and report that comes under limelight. Customization has always come under contempl ation and observation as the best alternative way out of any situation, trouble, or different business scenarios from the standard ones that the customer experiences during the implementation phase. It is imperative to comprehend the business processes coupled to the experience factor for the administration of designed and spontaneous situations while implementation. Therefore, during the entire life cycle of the ERP implementation, Knowledge Management is the key and crucial aspect that comes under utilization by the employees in the information-consulting firms (Khosrowpour, pp. 115-118, 2001). The entire life cycle comprises of planning, business process analysis, requirement mapping, gap analysis, system design and configuration, data conversion, communications, end-user trainings, pilot run and production run. As these processes are

Occupational health and safety Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Occupational health and safety - Case Study Example This research will begin with the statement that Occupational Healthy Safety (OHS) has the responsibility of ensuring that people engaged in employment are safe and healthy while at work.   It is an organ that fights for the welfare of employees and advocates for a healthy and safe working environment. As a working environment, it is an interaction of different people like customers, staff, and family members. Therefore, for the effectiveness of health and safety of those involved, OHS system should be active in an organization so as to avoid injuries and deaths that result from a dangerous working environment. Human life should be treated sacredly by taking preventive measures that will create confidence with the workers to offer their service without fear. Companies, which do not take such measures, expose their workers to dangerous consequences inform of injuries.   These injuries make workers stay home while nursing their wounds and pain. When people are not able to attend to their normal duties at work, they affect service delivery, which was seen through the limited returns that the company realizes. Titanic Cove Resort (TCR) is a business firm found in Byron Bay, which provides conference facilities, accommodation services, and food and beverage choices among many to their customers. This indicates that being a service industry; it has 420 members of staff, who attend to approximately 800 guests that visit the business. This paper shall discuss the efficiency of OHS system in TCR in detail, and suggest recommendations that will improve the safety and health of TCR employees and customers. Breaches in WHS Legislation According to New South Wales legislation The world Health Organization and the New South Wales legislation in Australia have a common ground in regard to occupational health and safety (Levy & Wegman 2005). According to these two organs, it is the duty of occupational health to maintain a high level of psychological and bodily safety to workers so as to avoid risks that come with working conditions. The working environment should be improved to create a reliable condition that will protect workers from work related risks. Companies should create a positive climate which would enable workers to improve their productivity in the business. TCR has shown a breach of New South Wales legislation since it has not promoted health safety. The case study indicated that a bar attendant was assaulted by an intoxicated person. This attendant was hospitalized and was to be laid off for tree weeks. This was not according to the labor legislation, which advocates for a suitable working environment. As an employer, TCR should provide securi ty for her employees while at work, but this incident where one of her works suffered these injuries, indicates a breach of legislation. Secondly, the working environment does not promote a healthy and safety climate. This was shown when a fight broke in the firm, and the security offered to go and settle the dispute, but instead he was knocked and became unconscious. This shows that TCR does not uphold occupational health and safety hence a breach of legislation in the company. Cost and Benefits of Occupational Health The above illustration indicates that the current level of occupational health and safety is not legal compliance. When workers are exposed to risks that harm their lives, they lead the company to an extra cost of providing for their medical treatment (Alston 1994). Such expenses can be avoided if the occupational health and safety system is upheld. Lack of proper occupational health may lead to deaths that make families lose their loved ones, who in this case are the bread winners. The loss of a family bread winner indicates that other family members will face challenges in meeting their basic needs. This propagates the rate of poverty in the society. Families that lose their loved ones undergo pain and grief and take time to accept the departure of their friend or relative. Therefore, to avoid such

Modern Ethical Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Modern Ethical Theories - Essay Example It suggests that all our acts are motivated by our self interest. People act selfishly to promote happiness and foster their self interest. Thomas Hobbes, a believer of psychological egoism, emphasized that people are selfish unconsciously. They do things for their own interest or for their own survival. With this statement, it cancels its real essence if we talk about doing things for others. If we do things for other people, does it always means that we did it for our own interest That's the big argument now. According to Hinman, there are two interpretations about psychological egoism, it's either people act for selfishness or they act for their own interest. It may sound the same but between these two interpretations, there is a difference. It actually depends upon one's motive or the consequence the person gets doing things for other people. If we intend to do something good for other people, we did it because it satisfies us inside. It rarely happens for a person to act genuinely for it self. They even sometimes hide what's the real them. Instead, people act apparently in their self-interest. What is more vocal of a person is when it acts for a certain motive. The essence of psychological egoism cancels out when intentions comes in. It falsifies its real meaning if we consciously do something or intend something. If there are two interpretations of psychological egoism there are also two versions of ethi... l to promote one's good, it is essentially never moral not to do so-that is, there may be conditions in which the avoidance of personal interest may be a moral action. There are personal, individual, and universal ethical egoism. The first implies that a person does only his self interest and disregards the other person's behavior. The individual ethical egoism states that all people should serve my own interest and universal ethical egoism means that all persons should act exclusively for their self-interest. Among the three, the personal ethical egoism is the weakest. This kind of ethical egoism is not recommendable to others for what is important is your own interest. The strongest among the three is the universal ethical egoism. This states that you should only pursue your self-interest exclusively. Psychological egoism and ethical egoism is two different things. Psychological egoism emphasizes that human beings are selfish in nature. They don't notice it because it is subconscious. In contrast to this, ethical egoism is a kind of egoism which states that a person's action is done by the person's best self-interest. It may harm or benefit others. Ethical egoism is defined by an inherent desire to perform altruistic acts while psychological egoism is defined by inbuilt selfishness of all acts. Ethical egoism doctrines states that all persons must act to their own interest while the doctrines in psychological egoism stresses that a human's motivation of every voluntary action is a need for humans own happiness. The difference is between fact for psychological egoism and value for ethical egoism. With the two kinds of egoism we have there is a thin line between what is selfish and what self-interest is. We can say that humans are being selfish because we claim for

Nonprofit and charity organizations

Nonprofit and charity organizations Why are Volunteers Important? For many nonprofit and charity organizations volunteers are the life-blood that keeps the organization working and performing to its true purpose and goals. Without these unpaid volunteers the charity or nonprofit organisation would not be able to function because costs of employing paid workers would probably make it unviable. For any organisation that uses volunteers recruitment can cause a big headache. It is tempting to think that if someone is prepared to give up their time for free then that is all that is needed. This is a mistake. It is important to find the right people for the tasks that need doing but those people will need to have or be prepared to learn the required skills. Shared Values and Purpose Volunteers will also need to fit into the organization so they will need to have the beliefs and attitudes that the organization sees as being important in the role it aims to fulfil in society. This means an organization will need to have clear values and purpose and look for people who share them to recruit as volunteers. When selecting and recruiting volunteers consideration needs to be given as to why the organisation needs volunteers. It is likely that the financial considerations will be an important factor with the economy of unpaid volunteers favouring setting on paid staff. At the same time it is important to recognise that some members of the organisation may well need to be paid employees Them and Us Sometimes a them and us or volunteers and employees scenario may develop which may not be healthy for the organisation. It may be necessary to emphasise that paid employees are an essential part of the organisation and that volunteers will probably be the lifeblood. Rewards for Volunteers People rarely do something with out some kind of reward or return whether it is monetary, training, gaining experience, or for personal satisfaction. Volunteers will need to feel they are contributing and receiving. Ways will need to be found to ensure that both employees and volunteers feel they are valued and have a proper place within the organisation. Defining Boundaries It will be necessary to define the roles and boundaries within the organisation for employees and volunteers and define and communicate clearly what the organisation needs and expects from both which may differ. It will also be necessary to decide what the organization will give to the volunteer. This may be satisfaction and a sense of doing good work, training, experience, a good reference for future employees or perhaps something else. Whatever it is it will need to satisfy the volunteers expectations. To help ensure the nonprofit or charity organization gets the right person in the right place at the right time there will need to be an understanding of what roles are required and the type of people needed to fill them. Job Descriptions and Contracts It is a good idea to create a separate Job Descriptions and contracts for employees and volunteers. This will help define the boundary between employee and volunteer. This is important because some volunteers have been known to claim that they are employees with employees rights which can have serious legal implications. Also some employees may try to claim some of the volunteers perks, rewards or working conditions. The role, or roles, that the organisation want filling will need to be clearly defined to ensure that candidates are interviewed for the right position. An organisation may have several different roles it want to fill and it will be a waste of time interviewing a person who does not have any administration skills or interest in learning them for a role in administration. It is essential to define the role and then decide what skills the candidate will need to either have, or learn. Person Specification. It will be necessary to identify the characteristics and personal qualities and beliefs of the volunteer and their motives for volunteering to ensure that they are right for the organisation and in sympathy with the aims and mission of the organisation. A good idea is for an organization to decide the kind of person they will be looking for and decide what characteristics, attributes and skills are essential or desirable. Separate Recruitment Procedures and Policies The organisation will need to have a separate recruitment procedure and policies for employees and volunteers. This will be necessary to protect the organisation and also offer best protection for employees and volunteers. The organisation will need to comply with the law. Finding Volunteers When the organization has defined the role of the volunteer, created Job Descriptions, Contracts and Personal Specifications and knows exactly what sort of people they are looking for how do they find them? Word of mouth can be an effective and cheap way to find volunteers depending on the role of the volunteer and the numbers of recruits required. This can be effective for some organizations with employees, existing volunteers and their friends and neighbours spreading the word, or service users and their families doing the same. There are also various forms of advertising that can be used to help recruitment. Television, radio, internet, newspapers magazines can be expensive but reach a great number of potential recruits. Cheaper ways of advertising such as putting up posters in local shops, or leaving flyers in public places such as libraries can also work well as can simply handing them out in busy shopping centres. |What ever way the organisation decides to advertise the advertisement will need to have certain information displayed clearly. The name of the organisation and the nature, purpose and values needs to be made clear. It will also be important to display the role of the volunteers and the benefits they will receive. To make it easy for potential recruits the advertisement will need to display clearly how to apply, where to apply or get further information. A contact name, postal and email address and telephone number will help and encourage potential recruits to apply or ask questions. Information in the advertisement should be clear and simple, concise and inoffensive. It should stand out but for the right reasons. Once the method or methods of advertising have been decided and advertisements placed the next stage is to send out application packs with the Job Description, Person Specifications, Application Forms and any other information the organization wants to send or is required to send by law. The organization may decide it wants to keep to assign a date for the return of applications or it may decide to leave it open. Either way it should advise the potential recruit as well as advising them on how or when they will be informed if they are accepted for interview. Interviews The interview should give the organization the chance to access the candidates potential and consider how they will fit in. The previous work done on producing a Job Description and Personal Specification will be a big help in this. Before the interview takes place the format of the interview needs to be decided. For example, will it be a group interview, will there be tasks or tests, or it will candidates be interviewed individually? Decide who and how many people will interview candidates, what questions are going to be asked and how the answers will be rated. All candidates should be treated equally and fairly. When these points have been addressed then a timetable can be scheduled taking in advertising, closing dates, time to consider applications and sending out invitations. With all the preparation work done the interview should give the organization a good idea of if the candidate is suitable for them. Candidates need to be informed as soon as possible. Successful candidates should be informed first just in case they turn down the offer for some reason. An offer can then be made to the next best candidates if deemed suitable. It can also be useful to keep unsuccessful candidates details on file just in case a more suitable position comes up in the future This will save the need to advertise. It should be made clear to successful candidates that any offers are subject to suitable references, qualification checks and any legal checks that may need to be done. It may be necessary, depending on the role offered, for some, or all of these checks to be done before a starting date can be arranged. Getting the Right Person in the Right Place. Finding the right volunteers for a required role can be very difficult and time consuming and expensive. An unsuitable volunteer may cost the organization or charity a lot of money or cause damage to their reputation so it is essential to recruit the right people. If all of these points are considered and taken into account the nonprofit organization or charity will stand a very good chance of selecting the right volunteers for the right role at the right time.